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Thursday, August 27, 2020
The Demons Within Essay -- Demons Possession Skinner Frazier Essays
The Demons Within 	There are many fascinating, all around created, engaging, vivid, energizing, and provocative characters in Mario Vargas LlosaÕs tale Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter. Pedro Camacho is a serious character, just as Aunt Julia herself. I was even significantly charmed by such little characters as Cousin Nancy and, in all honesty, the cabdriver who helped discover a civic chairman to wed Aunt Julia and Marito. nonetheless, no one in the entire book intrigued me more than Marito Varguitas himself. He is simply such an all around created character, and truly appears to be an individual who might be amusing to know. Truth be told, nothing about Marito intrigued me more than the devils that he has, or should I say appear to groups him and show themselves in his life just as his accounts. 	One of the numerous evil presences Marito has is his keeping in touch with itself. he appears to continually be sincerely busy composing another short story to send to some paper or magazine. The thing is, none of these accounts entirely appear to be awesome or effective. All through the novel, not one of them is ever really distributer. Not even MaritoÕs companions truly like his composition. In Chapter thirteen he peruses the one about Aunt Eliana to Javier, Aunt Julia, and even to Pascual and Big Pablito. After they hear it, not one of them truly has anything ideal to state about it by any means. In this way, in spite of the fact that composing is one of MaritoÕs interests, it is likewise one of his evil spirits. It is essentially his activity and how he gets by at the radio broadcast ÒRadio Panamericana,Ó however it controls the remainder of his live away from fill in too. 	Another evil spirit controlled by or having Marito is that old enough. Age clearly assumes a colossal job in this novel. Marito is scarcely eighteen years of age, not so much as a lawful grown-up in his own nation, but then he is infatuated with Aunt Julia, how isn't just separated, yet additionally numerous years more established than her sweetheart at thirty something years old. His age appears to cause numerous contentions for Marito all through the book. Interestingly, when it was keeping him from wedding Aunt Julia, every one of that was done was essentially to transform one number, a six to a three, to take care of the issue. At long last, it truly didnÕt appear as though age was actually the issue that was the issue for Marito and Aunt JuliaÕs family. 	Another immense evil presence in the story is ... ...story as a current guide. He offers a great deal of appropriate analysis of history and it's importance, including the instability of its data, its slanted points of view, and so on. However, even with the entirety of History's disadvantages, wiping out history as an investigation would cause a considerably more prominent bending of our comprehension. Why study history? Er ... it exists, isn't that right? We have a past. Would he let youngsters experience childhood in Walden Two reasoning it had consistently existed, thinking, maybe, that it had jumped up all out from the forehead of Zeus? It strikes me as risky to acknowledge such huge obliviousness. To stay uninformed, is to accept an untruth. Skinner's Frazier has limitless confidence in his thoughts. He no longer has to know history. He is guaranteed that his organizers and supervisors will never get undermined. (On the off chance that they did, it is hard to know it without an information on what Walden Two had been similar to before the debasement began.) His thorough program ends up being inquisitively ailing in substance. Skinner's thoughts are provocative and intriguing. Be that as it may, the issues are excessively genuine to permit the fast excusal Frazier would give them. To put it plainly, I am not prepared to leave all necessary signatures. The Demons Within Essay - Demons Possession Skinner Frazier Essays The Demons Within 	There are many fascinating, very much created, engaging, beautiful, energizing, and provocative characters in Mario Vargas LlosaÕs epic Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter. Pedro Camacho is a significant character, just as Aunt Julia herself. I was even extraordinarily charmed by such little characters as Cousin Nancy and, in all honesty, the cabdriver who helped discover a civic chairman to wed Aunt Julia and Marito. be that as it may, no one in the entire book intrigued me more than Marito Varguitas himself. He is simply such an all around created character, and truly appears to be an individual who might be enjoyable to know. Truth be told, nothing about Marito intrigued me more than the evil presences that he has, or should I say appear to groups him and show themselves in his life just as his accounts. 	One of the numerous evil spirits Marito has is his keeping in touch with itself. he appears to continually be really busy composing another short story to send to some paper or magazine. The thing is, none of these accounts quite appear to be excellent or effective. All through the novel, not one of them is ever really distributer. Not even MaritoÕs companions truly like his composition. In Chapter thirteen he peruses the one about Aunt Eliana to Javier, Aunt Julia, and even to Pascual and Big Pablito. After they hear it, not one of them truly has anything ideal to state about it by any means. In this way, despite the fact that composing is one of MaritoÕs interests, it is additionally one of his evil presences. It is fundamentally his activity and how he gets by at the radio broadcast ÒRadio Panamericana,Ó yet it controls the remainder of his live away from fill in too. 	Another evil presence controlled by or having Marito is that old enough. Age clearly assumes an immense job in this novel. Marito is scarcely eighteen years of age, not so much as a legitimate grown-up in his own nation, but then he is infatuated with Aunt Julia, how isn't just separated, yet additionally numerous years more seasoned than her sweetheart at thirty something years old. His age appears to cause numerous contentions for Marito all through the book. Interestingly, when it was keeping him from wedding Aunt Julia, every one of that was done was essentially to transform one number, a six to a three, to take care of the issue. At long last, it truly didnÕt appear as though age was actually the issue that was the issue for Marito and Aunt JuliaÕs family. 	Another gigantic devil in the story is ... ...story as a current guide. He offers a ton of appropriate analysis of history and it's importance, including the instability of its data, its slanted points of view, and so forth. In any case, even with the entirety of History's disadvantages, wiping out history as an examination would cause a significantly more prominent bending of our comprehension. Why study history? Er ... it exists, isn't that right? We have a past. Would he let youngsters experience childhood in Walden Two reasoning it had consistently existed, thinking, maybe, that it had jumped up out and out from the forehead of Zeus? It strikes me as risky to acknowledge such huge obliviousness. To stay uninformed, is to accept an untruth. Skinner's Frazier has vast confidence in his thoughts. He no longer has to know history. He is guaranteed that his organizers and chiefs will never get undermined. (In the event that they did, it is hard to know it without an information on what Walden Two had been similar to before the debasement began.) His thorough program ends up being inquisitively ailing in substance. Skinner's thoughts are provocative and interesting. Be that as it may, the issues are very genuine to permit the fast excusal Frazier would give them. So, I am not prepared to make all necessary endorsements.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Abuse of Power Reflected in the Politics and Drama of Ancient Greece Es
Singular Abuse of Power Reflected in the Politics and Drama of Ancient Greece The Greeks accepted that an excess of intensity endowed in one individual was risky. They were the principal popularity based society in a turbulent universe of lords and heads, and they were pleased with their belief system. Thinking about their intense confidence in rule by many, its not amazing that numerous Greek shows spin around an individual saint or a ruler's tumble from power in light of pride or some other character imperfection. Notable characters in the absolute most noteworthy Greek tragedians' plays show this thought. In Aeschylus' Agamemnon, the title character is a returning ruler who acts pompously and negligently. He is killed by his significant other and his realm self-destructs. Sophocles' character Oedipus winds up executing his dad, losing his realm and his better half and mother, and turning into a visually impaired, meandering outsider for an amazing remainder. Jason in Euripides' Medea abandons his family for another marriage which he expectations will facili tate his station, however his old spouse slaughters his new wife and his youngsters, finishing his desires for a sparkling future. The developing topic of a person's shortcoming and ensuing defeat bolsters the Greek's law based framework, where no individual turns out to be excessively incredible. Agamemnon is an incredible warrior, yet not an extraordinary family man. On his way to the Trojan war, he yielded his girl to the divine beings with the goal that his boats would have the option to show up securely and quickly. This is a particularly bad activity in light of the fact that the war is being pursued to recover only one lady, Helen. It is difficult to legitimize executing oneââ¬â¢s own girl so another person can recover his significant other. Be that as it may, war is the thing that he is acceptable at, and in the event that he didnââ¬â¢t penance his little girl he would let down ... ...ach tumble from their capacity into death or sadness. They had gotten excessively incredible, excessively pompous, and excessively eager, thus the divine beings chop them down. This example of rulers tumbling from power due to shortcomings and character blemishes is regular in Greek dramatizations. The Greeks were pleased with their fair framework, and their dramatizations mirrored their conviction that their general public, managed together by agents of the individuals, was best in a world loaded with temperamental and hazardous governments. The divine beings detest men who rise excessively high and look to turn out to be excessively extraordinary. So do the Greeks. Works Cited Aeschylus. Agamemnon. Greek Tragedy. Eds. A. Cook and E. Dolin. Dallas: Spring Publishing, Inc., 1992. Euripedes; Medea; Trans. Rex Warner. The Harcourt Brace Anthology of Drama: Third Edition. Orlando: Harcourt, 2000. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1991.
Friday, August 21, 2020
Blog Archive December 2019 Event Roundup
Blog Archive December 2019 Event Roundup Are you applying to business school this year? If so, you can enroll in one of our free business school workshops, which are offered both online and in person in major cities across the country! This December, the event lineup includes the following sessions: December 3, 2019 Writing A Standout Harvard Business School Essay (Online) Harvard Business School (HBS) receives more than 9,000 applications each year. An experienced senior consultant will help prospective MBAs learn how to ensure their essay will grab the attention of an overworked HBS admissions officer. December 11, 2019 Assessing Your MBA Profile (Online) How will admissions officers weigh your MBA application? An experienced senior consultant will help prospective MBAs understand how admissions committees choose from thousands of strong candidates to fill a relatively small number of spots in their classes. December 16, 2019 No Stone Unturned: Your 2020/2021 MBA Application Starts Now! (Online) By taking action now, you can dramatically improve your chances of gaining admission to a top MBA program in the coming years. Indeed, it is never too soon (and certainly not too late) to take several crucial steps to shape your MBA candidacy. To enroll in one of our free seminars, click the event title in the list above. We look forward to having you join us! Share ThisTweet Application Tips Business School Essays Events Harvard University (Harvard Business School) Long Term MBA Planning mbaMission Events News Resumes
Monday, May 25, 2020
Differing Veiws of Liberty and Freedom from Machiavelli...
Liberty and freedom are central topics that both Machiavelli and Hobbes touch upon as authors of their individual works. While both authors feel that the idea of liberty and freedom is directly tied to politics, rulers and government, the way they associate these ideas with each other is very different. Machiavelli has several different definitions of liberty. Ultimately however, he believes that liberty is a right that the public obtains and that the republic is a state of government in which change is constant, and power is not an absolute. He explains that once a group of people has become accustomed to liberty, that liberty cannot be completely taken away. On the other hand, Hobbes states that for a civil society to prevail, individuals must submit their liberty to an absolute sovereign and the sovereign in turn is in charge of deciding which liberties can be returned back to his subjects. In this way, both philosophers touch upon their own ideas of liberty and how this affects political rule. Hobbes wrote the Leviathan out of his experience of living through the English Civil Wars in the 1600s. This political instability of the era led Hobbes to believe that the political turmoil could have been avoided had there been an absolute sovereignty in place. Rather than agreeing with the beheading of King Charles I, Hobbes believes that this sort of situation could have been altogether avoided had the King had complete power over the republic thereby naturally quashing any
Thursday, May 14, 2020
Silent Victims Discussing The Effects Of Domestic...
Silent Victims: Discussing the Effects of Domestic Violence When most people think of Domestic Violence (DV), they envision an ethnic person, battered with bruises. Many forget that DV can occur in many forms and has many faces. Not only does it cross all cultural, religious and socioeconomic boundaries, but it also is committed in many forms, some of which do not leave external bruises. The stigma surrounding DV often prevents the victims from speaking up, allowing, sexual, mental, emotional and physical abuse to occur, often in the presence of children, creating long lasting effects on the household and in our communities. Despite the fact that many women suffer daily through the pain and humiliation of DV, while it is either well known or suspected by their neighbors, few speak up. Dating back to the medieval time period, husbands have been allowed, and even encouraged, to physically ââ¬Å"correctâ⬠their wives at their discretion to maintain peace and order in their household. Although systematic abuse was not within the limits of the law, proving it was almost impossible. Even if a woman was brave enough to bring charges against her husband, the local magistrates often sided with the husband and his witnesses. In the rare case an abused wife actually prevailed, as in the case of Alice Dey, fines and sentences were minimal. In 1383, the local constable received a report that Aliceââ¬â¢s husband, Thomas, had ââ¬Å"beaten and drawn bloodâ⬠from his wife. Thomas was fined three pence andShow MoreRelatedThe History of Domestic Violence1784 Words à |à 7 PagesIntroduction Domestic violence started back in the days of Roman Empire however, it was not recognised in Australia as a crime until the early 70ââ¬â¢s, Davidson, (1977 cited in Edleson, 1999 ). Furthermore, children who witness this crime are only now beginning to be recognised as victims. These victims and the long term effects of witnessing physical abuse in their home on a regular basis is only new territory that statistics are being done, in comparison with adult victims. Domestic abuse is someoneRead MoreChildren Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence Essay1453 Words à |à 6 PagesAfter many studies researchers have confirmed that when children are exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) it significantly effects their social emotional development (Hughes Chau, 2013; Herman-Smith, 2013). This raises a concern; if IPV was to be measured emotional abuse should children be removed from their families. If we consider that the majority of children that witness IPV are under six and would not be able to fully understand what is happening we can conclude that they would not beRead More`` The Hunting Ground `` : Sexual Assaults On College Campuses Essay1110 Words à |à 5 Pagesassault has on the survivor as well as their families. Additionally, the film presents how institutions cover it up and/or present a penalty that is not fit for the crime. The specific trauma that has effected the survivors in the film is domestic violence and sexual trauma. The trauma from all of the survivors is very severe. It includes: Andrea, a Cuban America, who was a student at University of North Carolina (UNC) was sexually assaulted at an on-campus party. She recalls her head being bangedRead MoreThe Lifelong Affects and Consequences of Domestic Violence3981 Words à |à 16 PagesThe Lifelong Affects and Consequences of Domestic Violence Anderson University Liberal Studies 495: Senior Seminar in Liberal Studies Instructor: Rob Lever Samuel Crosby II November 27th, 2011 Abstract Domestic Violence has been proven to have an unhealthy impact on the victims exposed to the violence. Most people do not realize the scope of the potential adverse affects that domestic violence has on adult victims, pregnant victims, children and adolescents that are exposed to the typeRead MoreFamily Violence: An International Perspective Essay2101 Words à |à 9 Pagesevery country in the world has been touched in some way by family violence. A vast number of women and children are subjected each day to violence within their family homes, the setting where they should feel the safest. Family violence crosses the boundaries of sex, age, social class, education, and race (1). Statistics show that approximately 1 in 3 women worldwide will be affected by family violence within her lifetime (1). Violence has a major impact on ones physical, social and mental well-beingRead MoreEpekto Ng Polusyon19213 Words à |à 77 PagesDomestic violence: Moving On A Qualitative Investigation Exploring How women Move On From Violent Relationships Researcher: Carole Le Darcy Supervisor: Dr Sue Becker Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincerest thanks and gratitude to all of the exceptionally strong women that participated in this research that have freely given not only some of their precious and valuable time but have also revealed that which is sadly all too often concealed; the remarkable, courageous and oftenRead MoreHuman Trafficking: It Happens Here, Its Happening Now3206 Words à |à 13 Pagesher family but this work came with the benefit of education and learning English. Marias parents allowed her to go; they trusted Sandra because she herself was Mexican born. When Maria arrived she entered this horrendous nightmare. Sandra used violence to squeeze every ounce of work Maria ââ¬Å"neededâ⬠to finish. If Sandra felt that Maria wasnââ¬â¢t working fast or hard enough she would blast pepper spray into her eyes. When Maria wasnââ¬â¢t working Sandra chained her to a pole in the backyard without foodRead MoreHow Effective Is Terrorism Is For Achieving Its Political Objectives3701 Words à |à 15 Pageshave all been the victims. Terrorism has become a key organising principal for domestic and international politics shaped by developed organisations and tactics through into the contemporary world. Terrorism is said to be politically motivated when the innocent public has been targeted for someone elseââ¬â¢s gain (Terrorism Definition, 2015). Anyone may define terrorism in his or her own way depending on what feature of terrorism is emphasised in the definition usually where violence being the face ofRead MoreQuestions On The Rights Law Essay6983 Words à |à 28 Pagesaccess to adequate housing resources.â⬠The CESCR lists the disadvantaged to include inter alia, ââ¬Å"elderly, children, the physically disabled, the terminally ill, HIV-positive individuals, persons with persistent medical problems, the mentally ill, victims of natural disasters and persons living in disaster-prone areas.â⬠The CESCR further guides that increase in access to land by landless and/or impoverished segments of the society should constitute a central legal policy for states who face such problemsRead More Female Genital Mutilation: A Gross Violation of Human Rights4218 Words à |à 17 Pagesof the clitoris, leaving a slit in which women are given limited physical ability to excrete fluids and increases danger during childbirth for both the mother and the child in question. The latter example of FGM has been known to have severe side effects that can result in difficulty in childbirth, bleeding, trauma, infection and at length, death. In the documentary, ââ¬Å"Half the Skyâ⬠many of the issues that arise during childbirth in countries like Ethiopia and Somaliland stem from the poor economy
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Introduction. Mental Illness Today Is A Social Crisis That
Introduction Mental illness today is a social crisis that began with the onset of deinstitutionalization leading to a massive increase within our prison population. People with mental illnesses often cycle repeatedly through courtrooms, jails, and prisons that are ill-equipped to address their needs and, in particular, to provide adequate treatment. There are also many other factors in prisons that have negative effects on mental health such as overcrowding, violence, solitude, lack of privacy, isolation from social networks and family. Upon release into society, they are left with nowhere to turn for help or to receive treatment, leaving them as a potential danger to society and themselves. Our current mental health system is aâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Since the onset of deinstitutionalization among other factors, we have continued to see a trend of shutdowns of mental health facilities across the nation, leaving those who suffer from mental illness with few places to go except for to jail or prison. In a 2006 special report, the Bureau of Justice Statistics conducted a study of the mental health problems within prisons and jail. In their study, mental health problems were defined by two measures: a recent history or symptoms of a mental health problem which must have occurred in the 12 months prior to the study which is further detailed in their report. It was found that at midyear 2005 more than half of all prison and jail inmates had a mental health problem, including 705,600 inmates in State prisons, 78,800 in Federal prisons, and 479,000 in local jails. Also found was that an estimated 47% of State prisoners and 42% of jail inmates who had a mental health problem, compared to 39% of State prisoners and 33% of jail inmates of those without a mental health problem, had served 3 or more prior sentences to probation or incarceration. This gives further speculation into the potential issue of a continued and possibly repeated cycle of the mentally ill ha ving few places to go other than back into our prison system, leaving a need for reviews of policies and programs to analyze possible causes and solutions to this growing problem. One large thought and reasoningShow MoreRelatedPolitical and Economic Trends in Human Service Delivery Essay1335 Words à |à 6 Pagesservices in various areas, which are critical to their well-being. Unfortunately, this task is becoming harder by the day to contend with, and the client suffers when quality care is unavailable. According to ââ¬Å"Human Services in a Time of Economic Crisisâ⬠(2009) ââ¬Å"adding to the human services funding deficit, and constituting a second form of disinvestment, are a number of direct cuts made to these programs over the past several years.â⬠The political relationship links governmental policies as wellRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar And Related Disorder1246 Words à |à 5 PagesAssociation, 2013) A series of illness may be factors for this ill ness to be triggered. Pathological and genetics factors could be involved. Social, family and others related must be taken in count for the diagnostic to take place. We will talk about the perseverance of the illness, and the treatment to follow at the moment of the diagnostic. (Rapee, R , 2012) Introduction Bipolar disorder is a serious disease of the brain. Also called manic-depressive illness. Those who suffer from bipolarRead MoreA Beautiful Mind Is A Movie Based On The Life Of Mathematician1310 Words à |à 6 PagesIntroduction A beautiful mind is a movie based on the life of Mathematician Dr. John Nash. Through Dr. Nash, I will explore the causes, effects, and treatment of paranoid schizophrenia. To begin to understand this disorder of paranoid Schizophrenia we need to know how this debilitating mental disorder works. Schizophrenia is a long-lasting, severe and disabling mental disorder. Normally, schizophrenia victims experience non-existent external voices. At times people suffering from this condition mayRead MorePsychiatric Social Work1522 Words à |à 7 PagesOrigins Social work with people with mental illness, known initially as psychiatric social work, began in the 1950s at the six county psychiatric hospitals across Northern Ireland (Herron 1998). These hospitals were administered by the Regional Health Authorities, whilst the new psychiatric social workers were out-posted from the County Welfare Authorities. The introduction of generic social work under the Seebohm reforms into Northern Ireland in 1972 coincided with the establishment of the integratedRead MoreEssay about The United States Homeless Population879 Words à |à 4 PagesIntroduction In the United States the homeless population continues to grow rapidly. Homelessness has been a public health issue for many decades. Often times these individuals feel as though society has turned a blind eye to them. This at risk population is seen by society as lazy or chose to live a life on the streets, but if one would examine this population closely would see that there is more to this at risk population than what society has labeled them as. The forces, which affect homelessnessRead MorePsychology : The Influential Bunch1184 Words à |à 5 PagesJustine Taylor Trident University International PSY101 ââ¬â Introduction to Psychology Module 1- Case Assignment October 18th, 2015 Dr. Wajama, Aslami The Influential Bunch Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the behavior and mental process of individuals. In psychology there are many different perspectives that are employed. In this paper, this student will identify a few influential psychologists that paved the road for modern psychology. John B. Watson was a pioneering figureRead MoreThe Community Treatment Orders ( Cto )1116 Words à |à 5 PagesThe introduction of Community Treatment Orders (CTO) has raised much debate around the issue of whether this is an ethical practice or not. This debate calls for a number of questions to be answered. For starters, can unethical practice be justified if it is for the greater good? More specifically, should the elimination of individualsââ¬â¢ rights be accepted if success is to be achieved from these programs. In order to gain insight into answering these questions, Community Treatment Orders need to beRead MoreIncarceration Within The Federal Bureau Of Prisons1195 Words à |à 5 Pagessystem, the political economy of the prison crisis in America has increased over the years which creates a questions on the way dollars sense works. With a nation of fewer crimes, prison population will diminish, but does that deter our political system to have taxpayers contribute less to the way prison systems are tracked? Introduction There are many offenders within the criminal justice system, the political economy of the prison crisis in America has increased over the years whichRead MoreSummarise and Discuss the Presentations of Mental Health in the Two Newspaper Articles Given in Appendix 1.1704 Words à |à 7 PagesSummarise and discuss the presentations of mental health in the two newspaper articles given in Appendix 1. In this essay, I will summarise how both newspaper articles in Appendix 1 present mental health. I will also compare and contrast the articles with each other, as well as compare them to what I know about mental health and the history behind it including psychopharmaceuticals and psychotherapies. The first article, titled ââ¬Ësix in ten of us have faced mental issues such as stress or depressionââ¬â¢Read MoreHomelessness : The Logical Solution1246 Words à |à 5 Pagesextremely expensive, a burden which is passed onto society, despite the plethora of alternative methods which have a proven success rate and also have a much larger cost when compared to that associated with general homelessness in the country. Introduction: Homelessness in New York is not a new phenomenon, a plague that sprung as a consequence of the cityââ¬â¢s rapid economic development. There is evidence that it dates back to at least the colonial era, although the sheer volumes of people who experience
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Encyclopedia entries about Islamic law
Question: Describe about theHistorical and Modern theories of Islamic law?. Answer: 1. Islamic law Islamic law is officially called Sharia which is an Arabic word that means the "right path or the correct path (SCHACHT, 1979)." Sharia law emanates from a combination of different sources including the Muslim holy book(Qurran), sayings, and teachings of Prophet Muhammad( Hadith) and fatwas (the rulings and findings of Islamic scholars) (SCHACHT, 1979). Muslims believe that God (Allah) revealed his will to the prophet Muhammad who then played a role of mediation to pass the laws to humans via the Koran (Holy Islam book). Due to the belief by Muslims that Sharia originated from God, they consider it sacred and therefore must be respected by all Muslims without questioning. Many Islamic scholars attempted to give interpretations of Sharia after Muhammad had died in the seventh century (MALLAT, 2003). These interpretations were then adopted by Muslims and accepted as guidance to worship and live brotherly lives. The original Sharia law was an important symbol of Islamic religion and com munity at large because it guided the way of life for all museums (NASIR, 2009). Before Islam, Arabian Peninsula was occupied by nomadic tribes who worshiped idols as their god. Each nomadic tribe had its rules that governed hospitality, marriage, and revenge and due to competition for resources in the Peninsula, these tribes constantly fought one another. People in these tribes retaliated against each other for various crimes committed against each other. Later on, Muhammad the prophet came into the Arab region and introduced a new religion (Islam) which affirmed only one God (MALLAT, 2003). This doctrine set forth required that all believers must obey God's laws and will otherwise be punished. Koran the holy book was used as a guide book for Muslim believers setting forth the human standards but did not provide a detailed code of law to be followed. During this period, Muhammad acted as a judge interpreting the law to Muslims and providing judgments over cases involving Muslims (NASIR, 2009). After Muhammad had died in the sixth century, political and religious rulers called caliphs carried on with the duty of developing Islamic law giving their interpretations and deciding cases in Arabia. The Islamic law spread to Umayyad dynasty and the caliphs in charge of the regime appointed judges (Kadhis) to settle the case and interpret the law to the people. This law spread until the government incorporated some part of the law into the countrys constitution. Shaffi, who was a Muslim scholar, played a significant role in shaping Sharia law by stating that Kadis (government judges) were supposed to follow a well reasoned out process while making judgments on Muslim cases (Anderson, 1959). Through this argument, many Muslim law scholars wrote law books that Kadis used to make court decisions, and that formed the basis of modern-day Sharia law. In the modern day, Sharia is legalized in many countries to avoid controversies and contradictions even though it is moderated by governments (Anderson 1959). Even though Sharia still exists in many Islamic countries, western culture has eroded most of the traditional provisions that laid the foundation of the Islamic law (Anderson, 1959). 2. Criminal Law and Procedure under Islamic law (Sharia) According to the traditional Sharia, crimes that are considered more severe are the ones mentioned in the Koran because they are considered as sins against God and they must be punished as per the Sharia (NASIR, 2009). When Sharia was formed, there was some crime that Prophet Muhammad considered as criminal and was unforgivable in Islam. Adultery was highly condemned and according to the Sharia any person found doing adultery was to be stoned to death because he or she was sinning against Allah the holy one (KHALIFA, 1983). The second crime was highway robbery by a Muslim faithful was highly prohibited, and no one could survive the wrath of Sharia. Anyone convicted of highway robbery was to be crucified, executed, left foot and right hand cut off or be imprisoned according to Islamic law (KHALIFA, 1983). Any Muslim found stealing was to be punished by having his right hand cut off completely, and if the same person committed a second theft crime, his or her left foot could be cut and later on imprisoned if found offending the law further. Slanderous people were given eighty lashes by the government askaris and issued with the stern warning never to commit the crime again (NASIR 2009). Drinking wine and any intoxication was considered an offense of the highest order among museums and any person found committing such an act of the offense was to receive eighty lashes (AWWAÃÅ'ââ¬Å¾, 2000). Penalties for some crimes like murder and bodily injury were carried out by Caliph Officials (MACDONALD, 2007). In such cases, the victim or the male next of kin could retaliate by carrying out murder using a sword, or if the injury was caused to the victim, he could retaliate by inflicting the same injury to the offender if found guilty by the caliph (MACDONALD, 2007). Later on, the rule of exactitude was introduced which required that the offender receives the same amount of damage caused to the victim, and therefore the law discouraged retaliation (COULSON, 2011). Classic Sharia followed a due process where the victim of the crime or his next of kin presented a claim personally before the court, and there were no government prosecutors during these cases (KHALIFA, 1983). Persons involved in the case had a right to have personal lawyers just like in the modern society, but female witnesses were not to testify before judges except in exceptional circumstances such child birth. Durin g the hearing of the case, if the accuser failed to produce witnesses, there was the demand that the defendant takes an oath before Allah as prophet Muhammad has stated in the Sharia (AWWAÃÅ'ââ¬Å¾ , 2000). For over years, modern theories of Islamic law have made changes to original Sharia in many ways. Currently, there are better methods of punishing Muslim law offenders distinct from the natural punishments that were given to them in the classic Sharia. Adulterous are not stoned to death as it was done in the classic Sharia, rather they are given other punishments such as paying fines or sending them to jail depending on had his decision over the case. 3.Islamic Law about Women and Inheritance Women and inheritance in Islam are governed by Islamic inheritance jurisprudence also called fiqh. The law of inheritance is covered under the title ÃÅ Ã ¿ulm al-farÃâà ÃÅ Ã ¾ià ¡Ã ¸Ã meaning "science of the ordained quota" is widely involved in the Koran the holy book that forms the basis of Sharia law (NASIR, 2009). Traditionally women were considered half people because of the domination of men up to the time of Prophet Muhammad. However, an introduction of the Koran by Prophet Muhammad acted as a sigh of relief to women because the Koran introduced new rights for women to inherit and own property reducing some of the restrictions that existed before (NASIR 2009). Women began to be treated fairly in Islam, and they were entitled to inheritance from their parents who formed the basis of the legal system about inheritance and property (MACDONALD, 2007). According to the Sharia, Allah the highest gave a detailed method of how women should inherit property in the Sunnah and Koran. There are three types of shares that women should inherit in the Muslim community; a woman can have the same number of shares in terms of inheritance as men; a woman can have a little less share than that of man. This means that a lady can only receive a minimum inheritance of half the proportion of a person. In the pre-Islamic period, there were variations in the laws of inheritance that were not so clear to the people (NASIR, 2009). The Islamic law also introduced other heirs that were non-existent in the pre-Islamic period, for instance, relatives. According to Schacht, women are not supposed to be inherited as per the Sharia because they are human beings, not property. In his book, he states that "this is not meant as a regular legal ordinance, but is part of the Qur'anic endeavor to improve the position of women." (SCHACHT, 1979). Islamic law stipulates that it is the responsibility of men to take care of women by providing safety, sustaining them and protecting them together with children. Sharia states that only relatives that have legitimate blood relationship with the deceased are entitled to the deceased inheritance (SCHACHT, 1979). This law excludes adopted children and illegitimate children because they are not part of the deceased's family. In both traditional and modern Sharia, a person who kills the dead or another man is not to inherit from the deceased. Furthermore, a Muslim cannot inherit from a disbeliever and likewise the disbeliever cannot inherit from a Muslim (COULSON, 2011). In the modern day, the place of women in term of inheritance and dependency on their husbands for sustenance has significantly changed and even the law (COULSON, 2011). Traditionally women were not obliged to do anything apart from taking care of their families. However, in the modern theories, women have become more active and economically empowered, and this makes them share financial responsibilities with their husbands. References Anderson, J. (1959). Islamic law in the modern world. [New York]: New York University Press. SCHACHT, J. (2001). The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. New York, American Council of Learned Soc. BURTON, J. (1990). The sources of Islamic law: Islamic theories of abrogation. Edinburgh, Edinburgh Univ. Press. COULSON, N. J. (2011). A History of Islamic Law. New Brunswick, N.J., Aldine Transaction. AWWAÃÅ'ââ¬Å¾, M. S. (2000). Punishment in Islamic law: a comparative study. Plainfield, Ind, American Trust Publications. PETERS, F. E. (1982). Children of Abraham: Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Princeton, N.J., Princeton Univ. Pr. KHALIFA, M. (1983). The sublime Qur'an and orientalism. MACDONALD, D. B. (2007). Development of Muslim theology, jurisprudence, and constitutional theory. Clark, NJ, Lawbook Exchange. MALLAT, C. (2003). The renewal of Islamic law: Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr, Najaf and the ShiÃÅ Ã ¼i International. Cambridge [u.a.], Cambridge University Press. MALLAT, C. (1993). Islamic family law: [proceedings of a conference convened by the Centre of Islamic and Middle East law ..., University of London, in May 1989]. London [u.a.], Graham Trotman. NASIR, J. J. (2009). The status of women under Islamic law and modern Islamic legislation. Leiden, Brill. SCHACHT, J. (1979). An introduction to Islamic law.
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